중국 언어학개론 > 교양/어학/기타도서

1980년 출간된 叶蜚声․徐通锵 선생의 『语言学纲要』는 오늘날까지도 많은 중국 대학에서 언어학개론 강의 교재로 사용되고 있다. 이 책은 두 가지 특징이 있다. 첫째, 현대 언어학의 아버지로 불리는 소쉬르의 결합과 계열 이론을 중심으로 하고 있으며 음운, 문법, 어휘라는 하위체계의 공시적 구조와 통시적 변천을 결합과 계열이라는 두 가지 축으로 설명하였다. 둘째, 이 책에서 다룬 언어자료는 주로 중국어이며 그 다음으로 영어, 독일어, 일본어 등 전 세계적으로 많이 사용되는 언어를 예로 들었다. 세계 언어의 유형을 소개할 때에는 적은 양이지만 아메리칸 인디언어 등 잘 알려지지 않은 언어의 예도 제시하였다. 따라서 이 책을 읽는다면 현대 언어학 이론의 정수를 쉽게 이해할 수 있으며 이 이론을 배경으로 다른 언어와의 초보적인 비교를 통해 중국어와 한자의 특징을 잘 이해할 수 있을 것이다.

목차

한국어판 서문__3
개정판 서문__6
개정판의 주요 개정 내용__9

머리말·············································································· 22
1. 언어학의 대상과 성질 ···················································· 22
2. 과학 시스템에서의 언어학의 위상 ····································· 27
3. 언어학의 응용 ····························································· 29

제1장 언어의 기능·························································· 33
1. 언어의 사회 기능 ························································· 33
1.1. 언어의 정보 전달 기능 ············································· 33
1.2. 언어의 상호작용 기능 ·············································· 36
2. 언어의 사유 기능 ························································· 39
2.1. 언어와 사유의 관계 ················································· 39
2.2. 사유 기능의 생리 기초 ············································· 41
2.3. 아동의 언어습득과 사유의 발전 ··································· 47
2.4. 청각장애인의 언어와 사유 ·········································· 51
2.5. 사유능력의 보편성과 사유방식의 특수성 ·························53

제2장 언어부호체계·························································· 57
1. 언어의 부호적 성질 ······················································· 57
1.1. 언어와 말하기 ······················································· 57
1.2. 언어와 부호 ························································· 61
2. 언어부호의 체계성 ························································ 68
2.1. 언어부호의 자의성(恣意性)과 선형성(線形性) ····················· 68
2.2. 언어부호의 계층체계 ················································ 71
2.3. 결합관계와 계열관계 ················································ 75
3. 인류의 고유한 언어부호체계 ············································ 79
3.1. 인류의 언어와 동물의 ‘언어’의 근본적인 차이 ··················· 79
3.2. 언어: 동물과 인류 사이의 넘을 수 없는 격차 ··················· 86

제3장 음성과 음운···························································· 91
1. 음성과 음운의 구별과 관련성 ·········································· 91
1.1. 음성학과 음운론 ····················································· 91
1.2. 음성과 음운의 최소 단위-단음과 음소 ···························· 95
1.3. 국제음성기호 ························································ 99
2. 음향학에서 본 음성 ····················································· 100
2.1 음성의 네 요소 ····················································· 100
2.2. 음질의 음향분석 ··················································· 104
2.3. 음향분석기구와 프로그램 ·········································· 107
3. 발음생리에서 본 음성 ··················································· 112
3.1. 발음기관 ···························································· 112
3.2. 두 종류의 단음: 모음과 자음 ····································· 116
3.3. 모음 ································································· 117
3.4. 자음 ································································· 121
4. 음소와 음운 ······························································· 132
4.1. 대립과 상보 ························································ 132
4.2. 음소와 음소변체 ··················································· 135
4.3. 음질음소와 비음질음소 ············································ 139
5. 음소의 취합 ······························································· 141
5.1. 변별적 자질 ························································ 141
5.2. 음소의 집합체 ······················································ 142
6. 음성단위의 조합 ························································· 147
6.1. 음절 ································································· 147
6.2. 음성변화 ···························································· 151
6.3. 운율 층차 ··························································· 155

제4장 문법····································································· 161
1. 문법과 문법단위 ························································· 161
1.1. 언어구조의 규칙 ··················································· 161
1.2. 문법의 결합규칙과 계열규칙 ······································ 164
1.3. 문법단위 ···························································· 167
2. 결합규칙 ··································································· 175
2.1. 형태소가 단어를 이루는 규칙 ···································· 175
2.2. 단어가 구와 문장을 구성하는 규칙 ······························ 179
2.3. 결합의 층위성 ······················································ 186
2.4. 결합의 점층성과 개방성 ··········································· 191
3. 계열규칙 ··································································· 194
3.1. 품사 ································································· 194
3.2. 형태 ································································· 199
3.3. 문법범주 ···························································· 201
4. 변환 ········································································ 209
4.1. 변환과 문형 ························································ 209
4.2. 변환과 통사적 동의 ··············································· 212
4.3. 변환과 통사적 다의 ··············································· 214
5. 언어의 구조유형과 보편적 특징 ······································ 219
5.1. 언어의 문법구조유형 ·············································· 219
5.2. 문법구조의 우열 구분 ············································· 224
5.3. 언어의 보편적 특징 ··············································· 226

제5장 의미와 화용·························································· 229
1. 어휘와 단어 의미 ························································ 230
1.1. 단어와 어휘 ························································ 230
1.2. 단어의 어휘적 의미 ··············································· 234
1.3. 단어 의미의 개괄성 ··············································· 236
2. 단어 의미의 여러 관계 ················································· 241
2.1. 다의어 ······························································ 241
2.2. 동의 관계 ··························································· 248
2.3. 반의 관계 ··························································· 253
2.4. 단어 의미의 상하관계 ············································· 257
2.5. 단어의 의미자질과 의미장 ·······································259
3. 문장 의미 ································································· 263
3.1. 단어의 결합관계와 문장 의미 내에서의 단어 의미 실현 ······· 263
3.2. 문장의 의미구조와 인류 경험의 영상(映像) ····················· 266
3.3. 통사적 의미범주와 화자의 인류 경험 영상 ······················ 273
3.4. 문장의 진리치와 문장 의미의 함의와 전제 ······················ 276
4. 화용 ········································································ 280
4.1. 문맥과 문맥적 의미 ··············································· 280
4.2. 화제와 진술 ························································ 284
4.3. 초점과 전제 ························································ 291
4.4. 일상생활과 문학 작품 속의 함축적 의미 ························ 293
4.5. 언어행위 ···························································· 296

제6장 문자······································································ 303
1. 문자와 언어 ······························································· 303
1.1. 문자의 기능 ························································ 303
1.2. 문자의 기본성질 ··················································· 307
1.3. 한자와 중국어 ······················································ 308
2. 문자의 기본성질과 문자의 생산 ······································ 312
2.1. 실물기사(實物記事) ················································ 312
2.2. 도화기사(圖畵記事) ················································ 314
2.3. 각획부호(刻劃符號) ················································ 316
2.4. 초기문자: 원시그림문자 ··········································· 318
3. 공시(共時) 문자체계의 특징과 분류 ·································· 324
3.1. 차소(次小) 단위로 본 문자의 공통성과 분류 ···················· 324
3.2. 최소(最小) 단위로 본 문자의 유형 ······························· 326
4. 문자의 발전과 전파 ····················································· 330
4.1. 초기의 자원문자: 불완전한 의음문자 ···························· 330
4.2. 자원문자의 발전 ··················································· 335
4.3. 타원문자(他源文字)의 창조와 문자의 교체 ······················ 337
4.4. 문자의 적응성과 상대적 독립성 ·································· 341
4.5. 한자와 한어병음 ··················································· 343
5. 서면어(書面語) ··························································· 346
5.1. 구어와 서면어 ······················································ 346
5.2. 서면어의 보수성과 서면어의 개혁 ································ 351
5.3. 서면어의 규범 ······················································ 354

제7장 언어의 변화와 분화··············································· 357
1. 언어 변화의 원인과 특징 ·············································· 357
1.1. 사회와 사람들 간의 교류 ········································· 357
1.2. 언어 체계 중 각 요소들의 상호 영향 ··························· 359
1.3. 언어 변화의 특징 ·················································· 361
2. 언어의 분화 ······························································· 366
2.1. 사회 분화에 따른 언어의 분화 ··································· 366
2.2. 사회 방언 ··························································· 369
2.3. 지역 방언 ··························································· 374
2.4. 친속 언어와 언어 계보의 분류 ··································· 380

제8장 언어접촉······························································· 387
1. 사회접촉과 언어접촉 ···················································· 387
2. 체계를 이루지 않는 어휘 차용 ········································ 390
2.1. 차용어 ······························································ 390
2.2. 차용어와 사회 ······················································ 396
3. 언어연맹과 체계적인 감염 ············································· 401
3.1. 언어연맹과 사회 ··················································· 401
3.2. 체계적인 감염 ······················································ 402
4. 언어교체와 저층(底層) ·················································· 407
4.1. 언어교체 ···························································· 407
4.2. 언어교체의 사회적인 원인 ········································ 410
4.3. 자발적인 교체와 강제적인 교체 ·································· 414
4.4. 언어교체의 과정 ··················································· 419
4.5. 언어교환과 저층 유물 ············································· 423
5. 통용어와 공통어의 저층 진입 ········································· 425
5.1. 통용 서면어와 지방어 ············································· 425
5.2. 문백이독(文白異讀)과 중국어 방언 내 통용어의 층위 ·········· 426
5.3. 이민족 서면어의 층위 ············································· 431
5.4. 공통어 ······························································ 434
6. 언어접촉의 특수형식 - 혼합어 ········································· 438
6.1. 양징방(洋泾浜) ····················································· 439
6.2. 혼합어 ······························································ 443
6.3. 중국 내의 토착 중국어와 혼합어 ································· 444
6.4. 세계어 ······························································ 451

제9장 언어체계의 변천···················································· 453
1. 어음(語音)의 변천 ······················································· 454
1.1. 어음변천의 이해 ··················································· 454
1.2. 어음변천의 규칙성과 변천 메커니즘 ····························· 461
1.3. 어음 대응 관계와 역사 비교법 ··································· 466
2. 문법의 변천 ······························································· 472
2.1. 결합 규칙의 변천 ·················································· 472
2.2. 계열류의 변천 ······················································ 477
2.3. 유추 ································································· 481
2.4. 구조의 재분석 ······················································ 485
2.5. 문법화 ······························································ 487
3. 어휘와 어의의 변천 ····················································· 490
3.1. 신조어의 발생, 고어의 소멸과 단어의 교체 ····················· 490
3.2. 어휘변천과 언어체계 ·············································· 495
3.3. 단어 의미의 변천 ·················································· 502

原序__512
수정본 서문__514
재판본 서문__515
역자의 글__517
찾아보기__519

저자소개

저자
王洪君
北京大學 中國語言文學系 教授
北京大學 中國語言學研究 센터 소장(2007-2012）
中國語言學會 제8회, 제9회 부회장（2010~현재）
대표저서: 『漢語非線性音系學: 漢語的音系格局與單字音』, 『基於單字的現代漢語詞法研究』, 『歷史語言學方法論與漢語方言音韻史個案研究』 외 70여 편의 학술논문이 있다.

李娟
北京大學 中國語言文學系 副教授
주요 논문: ｢章组字的历史演变｣, ｢先秦與古希臘語言觀念比較｣, ｢“語言形式”內涵辨析｣, ｢中國傳統文章學中的篇章研究｣ 등 다수의 학술논문이 있다.

역자
김태은
이화여자대학교 중어중문학과 연구교수
미국 위스콘신대학교 동아시아 언어와 문학학과 박사 (중국어 전공)
｢중국어 축약 현상에 대한 고찰｣, ｢Preservation and deletion in Mandarin loanword adaptation｣, ｢중국어의 외래어 수용과 대응 - 음역어를 통해 본 중국의 언어와 문화｣, ｢중국어에 존재하는 영어식 표현에 대한 논의｣ 등 다수의 학술논문이 있다.

문준혜
서울대학교 중어중문학과 강사
서울대학교 중어중문학과 박사 (중국 문자학 전공)
『說文解字翼徵整理與硏究』, 『한자문화』, ｢조선시대 문집에 보이는 중국 언어 문자연구 조망｣, ｢『六書經緯』의 구성과 체재｣ 등 다수의 학술논문이 있다.

심소희
이화여자대학교 중어중문학과 교수
北京大學 中國語言文學系 박사 (중국어 음성학 전공)
『한자정음관의 통시적 연구』, 『음성학과 공학의 만남』, 『중국어 음성학』, 『한자 음운학』, ｢한국인의 중국어 문장 끊어 읽기에 대한 고찰｣, ｢중국의 여성문자연구｣, ｢조선시대 외국어 한글표기의 고찰｣, ｢중국 동북지역의 언어특수성 연구｣등 동아시아의 언어와 문자 연구에 관한 다수의 논문이 있다.

이지은
부산대학교 중어중문학과 조교수
北京大學 中國語言文學系 박사 (현대중국어 문법 전공)
『통계적 분석 방법을 통해 본 중국어 방언 분류 - 음운·형태·어법 자질을 중심으로(공저)』, ｢의미지도모형을 통한 이중수사체계 연구 - 两과 二을 중심으로｣, ｢통합적인 기능 향상을 위한 중국어 듣기 수업 모델 구성｣, ｢从类型学的角度看汉语的个体量词｣ 등 다수의 논문이 있다.

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